Zeno Schindler 1823-1899
Keokuk, a Noted Sac and Fox Leader 1848
Wet-plate negative copy after daguerreotype by Thomas Easterly (1809-1882), about 1846
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Keokuk was the only Indian whose portrait Catlin painted in America (see exhibition) of whom a photographic image survives.
George Catlin counted on making his fortune from admissions to exhibitions of his Indian Gallery.
After showing it in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville, he finally opened in New York in 1837 to
praise, astonishment, confusion, and some hostility. Inhabitants of the Far West were mostly a mystery
to those in the east, though Catlin emphasized in his lectures the legitimacy of Indian culture.
To boost attendance, he invited Indians such as Black Hawk and Keokuk to appear with him to verify the
accuracy of his portraits. Congress, meanwhile, discussed purchasing the Indian Gallery, but failed to act.
After just breaking even on expenses from a tour of eastern cities, Catlin sailed with his collection to
London in 1839 in search of more lucrative opportunities.